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写作文常见语法

写作文时常见的语法错误是很多同学都会遇到的问题,掌握这些常见错误并学会如何修正,能极大地提升作文的准确性和表达力。

写作文常见语法

下面我将这些常见语法错误分为五大类,并附上错误示例、修改建议和专项练习,希望能帮助你系统地攻克它们。


第一类:主谓不一致

这是最基础也最常见的错误,句子的主语和谓语动词在“数”上必须保持一致。

忽略集体名词、书名、地名等作主语时用单数。

  • 错误示例
    • The United States have a large population. (错误)
    • My family are watching TV. (歧义)
  • 错误分析
    • The United States(美国)作为一个国家名称,是单数概念。
    • Family(家庭)作为一个整体时,是单数;指家庭成员个体时,是复数。
  • 修改建议
    • The United States has a large population. (美国人口众多。)
    • My family is watching TV. (强调“全家”作为一个整体在看电视。)
    • The members of my family are watching TV. (强调“家庭成员们”在看电视。)

“主谓一致”中的就近原则和意义一致原则。

  • 错误示例
    • Neither you nor I am right. (错误)
    • The number of students are increasing. (错误)
  • 错误分析
    • neither...nor... 连接两个主语时,谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致,这里 I 是第一人称,应该用 am
    • The number of + 复数名词 意为“……的数量”,中心词是 number,是单数。
  • 修改建议
    • Neither you nor I am right. (你和我都不对。)
    • The number of students is increasing. (学生数量在增加。)
    • A number of + 复数名词 (许多学生) are increasing. (学生数量在增加。) - 注意这里的区别。

第二类:时态与语态错误

时态混乱是作文中的“重灾区”,尤其是叙述过去事件时,语态(主动/被动)的误用也会让表达变得别扭。

叙述过去事件时,时态不统一。

  • 错误示例
    • Yesterday I went to the park and see my friend. (错误)
    • When I got home, I realized I leave my keys at school. (错误)
  • 错误分析
    • 整个故事都发生在过去,所以所有动词都应该用过去时。
    • realize 这个动作发生在 got home 之后,但仍在过去,应用过去时 realizedleave 发生在 realized 之前,应用过去完成时 had left
  • 修改建议
    • Yesterday I went to the park and saw my friend. (昨天我去公园,看到了我的朋友。)
    • When I got home, I realized I had left my keys at school. (当我到家时,我意识到我把钥匙忘在学校了。)

被动语态使用不当或遗漏。

  • 错误示例
    • This book was written by him in 2010. (正确,但有时想表达主动却用了被动)
    • The problem must to be solved immediately. (错误)
  • 错误分析
    • 情态动词(如 must, can, should)后的被动语态结构是 情态动词 + be + 过去分词,不能加 to
  • 修改建议
    • He wrote this book in 2010. (他于2010年写了这本书。) - 如果强调“他”的主动性,用主动语态更好。
    • The problem must be solved immediately. (这个问题必须立刻被解决。)

第三类:句子成分残缺或多余

一个完整的句子必须有主语和谓语,成分多余会让句子显得啰嗦。

缺少主语。

  • 错误示例
    • Because of the heavy rain, we were late. (错误)
    • After finishing my homework, I went to bed. (错误)
  • 错误分析
    • Because of 是介词短语,不能直接引导一个句子作状语,导致整个句子没有主语。
    • After finishing... 是一个分词短语,不能独立成句。
  • 修改建议
    • Because it rained heavily, we were late. (因为下大雨了,我们迟到了。) - 用 Because 引导一个原因状语从句。
    • After I finished my homework, I went to bed. (我做完作业后,就去睡觉了。) - 用 After I finished... 引导一个时间状语从句。

句子成分多余。

  • 错误示例
    • This is the most important reason why we should protect the environment. (啰嗦)
    • He returned back home very late. (错误)
  • 错误分析
    • the reason why... 中,whythe reason 意思重复。
    • return 本身就有“返回”的意思,back 是多余的。
  • 修改建议
    • This is the most important reason we should protect the environment. (这是我们保护环境最重要的原因。)
    • He returned home very late. (他回家很晚。)

第四类:代词指代不明

代词(如 he, she, it, they, this, that)必须清晰地指代它所代替的名词,否则会造成理解混乱。

指代对象不明确。

  • 错误示例
    • Tom told his father that he was wrong. (错误)
    • I love dogs because they are loyal. (正确,但指代不清)
  • 错误分析
    • he 到底是指 Tom 还是 his father?从句意上看可能是指 Tom,但语法上存在歧义。
    • they 指代 dogs,但为了更清晰,尤其是在复杂句中,最好明确指代。
  • 修改建议
    • Tom told his father, "I was wrong." (汤姆告诉他父亲:“我错了。”)
    • Tom told his father that Tom was wrong. (汤姆告诉他父亲,汤姆错了。) - 重复名词,避免歧义。
    • I love dogs because dogs are loyal. (我喜欢狗,因为狗很忠诚。)

第五类:词语搭配与介词误用

中文思维和英文表达习惯不同,导致很多词语搭配和介词使用出现错误。

动词/形容词与介词的固定搭配错误。

  • 错误示例
    • I agree to your plan. (错误)
    • He is interested for history. (错误)
  • 错误分析
    • agree with sb. (同意某人), agree to (a plan/idea) (同意计划/建议),这里 plan 是对的,但 agree with 更常用,表示“同意(某人)的观点”。
    • be interested in 是固定搭配,表示“对……感兴趣”。
  • 修改建议
    • I agree with you on this plan. (我同意你这个计划。)
    • He is interested in history. (他对历史感兴趣。)

动词与副词的混淆。

  • 错误示例
    • He speaks English very fluent. (错误)
    • She is a very careful student. (正确,但副词用法错误)
  • 错误分析
    • fluent 是形容词,不能修饰动词 speaks,应用副词 fluently
    • careful 是形容词,修饰名词 student 是对的,但如果想修饰动词 studies,则要用副词 carefully
  • 修改建议
    • He speaks English very fluently. (他说英语非常流利。)
    • She studies very carefully. (她学习非常认真。)

如何有效避免语法错误?

  1. 多读多模仿:阅读优秀的英文文章(如课本范文、英文新闻、简易读物),注意观察地道的句式结构和词语搭配。 2
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