雅思小作文的词汇积累是提升写作分数的关键环节，它不仅关系到表达的准确性，更直接影响考官对语言能力的判断，与雅思大作文不同，小作文侧重于数据描述、趋势分析和信息概括，因此需要掌握一套特定场景下的高频词汇和表达方式，本文将从数据描述、趋势变化、比较对比、图表类型及相关动词五个维度，系统梳理雅思小作文的核心词汇，并提供实用搭配示例,帮助考生高效提升词汇运用能力。
数据描述类词汇
数据描述是小作文的基础，涉及具体数值、比例和范围的呈现，这类词汇需注意精确性和多样性，避免反复使用“show”或“number”等基础词，表达“数据”时，可根据语境选用“figures”“statistics”“data”“numbers”等；“占比”可替换为“account for”“constitute”“comprise”“make up”等，对于具体数值，“a significant increase”可细化为“a surge of 30%”或“a dramatic rise from 10 to 50”，描述范围时可用“range from...to...”“fluctuate between...and...”，表达整体趋势则可用“overall”“generally”“on the whole”等副词增强逻辑性。“The data illustrates that the proportion of urban population accounted for 65% in 2025, constituting a notable increase compared to 2010.” 这样的表达既准确又丰富。
趋势变化类词汇
动态图表（如线图、柱状图）的核心是趋势描述，需掌握“上升、下降、波动、平稳”等变化的表达，上升类词汇包括“increase”“rise”“grow”“climb”“surge”“soar”“jump”“leap”，soar”和“leap”强调幅度极大；下降类对应“decrease”“decline”“drop”“fall”“dip”“slump”“plunge”，plunge”表示骤降，表达波动时可用“fluctuate”“vary”“oscillate”，平稳则用“remain stable”“stay constant”“level off”“plateau”，需搭配程度副词强化语气，如“slight”“gradual”“steady”“sharp”“significant”“dramatic”。“The figure experienced a gradual increase from 2025 to 2025, followed by a sharp surge in 2025, before leveling off at 100 in 2025.”
比较对比类词汇
当需要比较不同数据对象时，需灵活运用比较级和对比结构，基础比较词如“higher than”“lower than”“more than”“less than”可升级为“surpass”“exceed”“outnumber”“lag behind”，表达倍数关系时可用“twice as many as”“three times higher than”，比例比较则用“a larger proportion of...”“a smaller percentage of...”，对比结构中，“while”“whereas”“on the other hand”“in contrast”等连词能有效突出差异。“While the number of males enrolled in higher education reached 120,000, that of females was merely 80,000, indicating a significant gender gap.”
图表类型相关词汇
不同图表类型有其专属词汇，需准确识别并使用，饼图常用“segment”“sector”“proportion”“percentage”；柱状图涉及“bar”“column”“height”“magnitude”；线图核心为“point”“peak”“trough”“fluctuation”；表格需关注“row”“column”“cell”“figure”；流程图和地图题则需“step”“stage”“process”“transform”“east of”“northwest of”等方位词。“The pie chart delineates the distribution of energy sources, with coal constituting the largest sector at 45%, followed by natural gas at 30%.”
高频动词与短语
动词是小作文的“骨架”，需避免重复使用“show”“have”“make”等，数据呈现可用“illustrate”“demonstrate”“present”“reveal”“indicate”“highlight”；变化描述可用“change”“shift”“alter”“vary”；分析原因可用“attribute to”“result from”“due to”；预测趋势可用“project”“forecast”“estimate”，短语搭配如“there was a tendency for...to...”“it is apparent that...”“as can be seen from...”能提升句式多样性。“The bar chart illustrates that the sales of electric vehicles witnessed a dramatic increase, with figures soaring from 50,000 in 2025 to 150,000 in 2025.”
雅思小作文词汇实用搭配表
| 类别 | 高频词汇/短语 | 实用搭配示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 数据描述 | account for, constitute | Women accounted for 60% of the total workforce. |
| make up, comprise | Renewable energy comprises 20% of the energy mix. | |
| 趋势变化 | surge, soar, plummet | The price of oil surged by 40% in the first quarter. |
| level off, remain stable | Unemployment rates leveled off at 5% after 2025. | |
| 比较对比 | surpass, exceed, lag behind | Digital sales surpassed traditional retail in 2025. |
| whereas, in contrast | Country A has a high GDP, whereas Country B focuses on agriculture. | |
| 图表类型 | segment, sector (饼图) | The largest segment of the pie chart represents housing expenditure. |
| peak, trough (线图) | The population peaked in 2025 and then began to decline. | |
| 高频动词 | illustrate, demonstrate | The table illustrates the changes in export volumes. |
| attribute to, result from | The growth is attributed to government policies. |
FAQs
问：如何避免在小作文中重复使用相同词汇？
答：可通过建立同义词库并结合语境灵活替换，描述“上升”时，根据幅度和速度分别选用“increase”（轻微）、“rise”（平稳）、“surge”（显著）、“soar”（急剧）；表达“显示”时，用“illustrate”（强调例证）、“demonstrate”（强调论证）、“reveal”（强调揭示），注意搭配变化，如“increase”可替换为“a rise of...”“an upward trend in...”“growing numbers of...”,避免单一重复。
问：小作文中哪些词汇是考官眼中的“加分词”？
答：并非生僻词就是加分词，而是准确、地道的学术化表达。“fluctuate”（波动）比“go up and down”更专业，“constitute”（构成）比“be”更精确，“delineate”（描绘）比“show”更正式，短语搭配如“a significant proportion of...”（相当大的比例）、“a marginal increase”（微小的增长）、“exhibit a downward trend”（呈现下降趋势）等能体现语言能力，需注意避免使用过于口语化或生僻的词汇,确保表达自然流畅。
